Electroplating solution temperature

When other conditions (referring to the voltage being constant, due to the accelerated ion diffusion rate, the current will increase) remain unchanged, increasing the temperature of the solution usually accelerates the cathodic reaction rate and ion diffusion rate, reduces the cathodic polarization effect, and thus causes the coating to crystallize coarser. However, it cannot be considered that raising the solution temperature is detrimental. If properly combined with other process conditions, raising the solution temperature will also achieve good results. For example, increasing the temperature can increase the upper limit of the allowable cathodic current density. An increase in cathodic current density will increase the cathodic polarization effect to compensate for the lack of temperature rise. This not only does not cause the coating to crystallize coarsely, but also accelerates the deposition rate and improves production efficiency. In addition, it can also improve the conductivity of the solution, promote anodic dissolution, improve cathodic current efficiency (excluding chromium plating), reduce pinholes, and reduce internal stress in the coating.
stir
Stirring will accelerate the convection of the solution, timely replenish the metal ions consumed near the cathode, and reduce the concentration polarization effect of the cathode. Therefore, under the same other conditions, stirring will cause the crystallization of the coating to become thicker.
The electroplating solution that is stirred must undergo regular or continuous filtration to remove various solid impurities and dregs from the solution, otherwise it will reduce the adhesion of the coating and make the coating rough, loose, and porous.